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Demographic and exposure definitions Demographic indicators were sex, age, education level, household poverty, zone (urban vs. Rural), neighborhood (Sutiava, Mantica or Perla) and source of drinking water. Drinking water source was categorized into four types: community source, indoor plumbing, own well, and other (includes people who obtain water from a river or stream, a neighbor, or purchased water in barrels or jugs). As participants could indicate more than one water source, these categories are not mutually exclusive. A household-level relative poverty indicator, based on the unsatisfied basic needs index score [], was calculated using data collected through the demographic surveillance system (Additional file: Figure S1). This poverty indicator has been validated in the Nicaraguan setting [].

Poverty data were unavailable for 247 participants from the Sutiava neighborhood. Education level was categorized into four levels: no schooling or illiterate, primary school, secondary school and university/professional school. Diabetes and hypertension diagnoses were self-reported (Yes/No). Occupational and behavioral exposures evaluated included: number of years worked in agriculture, number of days per week consumed lija, number of cigarettes smoked per day; number of glasses of water consumed per day (ranked quartiles).

To show the full range of the data, years of agricultural work was categorized into a 5-level variable (none, >0-4, 5–9, 10–14, and 15+); however, because the number of females in several of those categories was small, we also collapsed categories to create a 3-level categorical variable for agricultural work (. Outcome definition Serum creatinine data were used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The abbreviated modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation for non-African Americans [] was chosen over the CKD-EPI equation to facilitate comparison of results between our study and other studies in the region. Download Driver Usb To Ide Windows 7 on this page.

Markers of kidney damage and urinary abnormalities were not available; therefore the primary outcome of CKD was defined as an estimated GFR (eGFR) of. Descriptive analyses Prevalence proportions of three eGFR categories (. Logistic regression Variables significantly correlated with CKD in descriptive analyses were carried forward for review in factor analyses. A pairwise correlation matrix was evaluated with the plan of not controlling for both measures in statistical modeling when any two predictor variables attained correlations of 0.70 or greater. Bivariate logistic regression models were first fitted to evaluate the crude association between these factors and dichotomous CKD (eGFR. Comparison of MDRD and CKD-EPI equation The MDRD study equation is reasonably accurate at eGFRs of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2; however, its major limitations are imprecision and systematic underestimation of measured GFR at higher values, leading to overestimation of CKD prevalence. The CKD-EPI equation has less bias at high eGFRs and is more accurate for predicting adverse outcomes than is the MDRD equation [].